Control Flow

 5.1  Conditional Statements (if, if-else, switch): 

Conditional statements allow your program to make decisions and execute different blocks of code based on certain conditions.

• The if statement is used to execute a block of code if a certain condition is true. If the condition is false, the code block is skipped.

class IfExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int age = 25;

        if (age >= 18) {
                System.out.println("You are eligible to vote.");
        }

    }
}

Output: "You are eligible to vote.”

• The if-else statement allows you to specify an alternative block of code to execute when the condition is false

class IfElseExample{
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    int temperature = 25;

    if (temperature > 30) {
      System.out.println("It's a hot day.");
    } else {
      System.out.println("It's a moderate day.");
    }
  }
}

Output: "It's a moderate day.”

• The switch statement provides an alternative way to perform multiple conditional checks based on the value of an expression.

class SwitchExample {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String dayOfWeek = "Tuesday";

    switch (dayOfWeek) {
      case "Monday":
        System.out.println("It's the beginning of the week.");
        break;
      case "Tuesday":
        System.out.println("It's a regular workday.");
        break;
      case "Saturday":
      case "Sunday":
        System.out.println("It's the weekend!");
        break;
      default:
        System.out.println("Invalid day.");
    }
  }
}

Output: "It's a regular workday.”

 5.2  Looping Statements (while, do-while, for): 

Looping statements allow you to repeat a block of code multiple times based on a condition.

• The while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as the condition is true.

class WhileExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int count = 1;
        while (count <= 5) {
            System.out.println("Count: " + count);
            count++;
        }
    }
}

Output:

Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4
Count: 5

• The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the code block is executed at least once, even if the condition is false.

class DoWhileExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int num = 5;
        do {
            System.out.println("Number: " + num);
            num--;
        } while (num > 0);
    }
}

Output:

Number: 5
Number: 4
Number: 3
Number: 2
Number: 1

• The for loop provides a compact way to iterate over a range of values.

class ForExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            System.out.println("Value: " + i);
        }
    }
}

Output:

Value: 1
Value: 2
Value: 3
Value: 4
Value: 5

 5.3  Breaking and Continuing Loops: 

The “break” statement is used to exit a loop prematurely. It immediately terminates the loop and transfers control to the next statement after the loop.

class BreakExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            if (i == 3) {
                break;
            }
            System.out.println("Value: " + i);
        }
    }
}

Output:

Value: 1
Value: 2

• The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the loop iteration and move to the next iteration.

class ContinueExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            if (i == 3) {
                continue;
            }
            System.out.println("Value: " + i);
        }
    }
}

Output:

Value: 1
Value: 2
Value: 4
Value: 5

 5.4  Nested Loops and Control Statements: 

You can have loops within loops, known as nested loops. This allows you to perform more complex iterations.

class NestedExample{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
            for (int j = 1; j <= 2; j++) {
                System.out.println("i: " + i + ", j: " + j);
            }
        }
    }
}

Output:

i: 1, j: 1
i: 1, j: 2
i: 2, j: 1
i: 2, j: 2
i: 3, j: 1
i: 3, j: 2

• Control statements like break and continue can be used within nested loops to control the flow.

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